Taking the sting out of summer
Most people who are stung by bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets or fire ants experience mild pain, itching and discomfort that generally lasts only a few hours. However, up to 5% of the U.S. population is at risk for severe, potentially life-threatening, allergic reactions.
According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), at least 40 deaths occur in the United States each year due to reactions to insect stings. Unfortunately, most people don't even know they're allergic to insect stings until they actually experience a severe reaction.
Stinging insect allergies
When an allergic person is stung for the first time, his or her body produces an antibody called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). The individual does not usually experience a severe allergic reaction from that first sting. If they are stung again venom reacts with the IgE antibodies, which triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reactions.
While many people experience only mild irritation such as redness, swelling and itching at the site of the sting, some people can experience a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include:
• Itching and hives over large areas of the body
• Swelling in the throat or tongue
• Difficulty breathing
• Dizziness
• Stomach cramps
• Nausea or diarrhea
In severe cases of anaphylaxis, a rapid fall in blood pressure may result in shock and loss of consciousness. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency, and may be fatal. Anyone who has had a serious reaction to an insect sting should be evaluated by an allergist/immunologist, who will take a thorough history, perform an examination and perform testing to determine if you are indeed allergic to insect stings and which type of insect caused your reaction.
People who are allergic to insect venom should carry injectable epinephrine to treat the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction. Injectable epinephrine is rescue medication only. You should have someone take you to an emergency room if you are stung.
Venom immunotherapy
Venom immunotherapy is an extremely effective vaccination program for individuals who are at risk for anaphylactic reactions to insect stings. Venom immunotherapy prevents future allergic sting reactions in 97% of treated patients. During immunotherapy, small doses of insect venom are administered to help desensitize an allergic individual. The doses of venom are gradually increased over time. Immunotherapy takes place over a period of 3 to 5 years.
Here are some tips on avoiding insect stings:
• Stay out of the "territory" of stinging insects' nests.
• Hire a trained exterminator to destroy the hives and nests around your home.
• If you encounter flying insects, remain calm and quiet, and move slowly. Do not "swat" them.
• Many stinging insects are searching for nectar, so don't look or smell like a flower - avoid brightly colored clothing and perfume when outdoors.
• Be careful when cooking, eating, or drinking sweet drinks like soda or juice outdoors - the smell of food attracts insects. Keep food covered until eaten.
• Wear closed-toe shoes outdoors and avoid going barefoot.
• Avoid loose-fitting garments that can trap insects between material and skin.
Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI)
