What Are Depressive Disorders?

Posted: Dec. 1, 2004

A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.

A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression.

Types of depression
Depressive disorders come in different forms, just as is the case with other illnesses such as heart disease.

Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime.

A less severe type of depression, dysthymia, involves long-term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep one from functioning well or from feeling good. Many people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.

Another type of depression is bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive illness. Not nearly as prevalent as other forms of depressive disorders, bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and lows (depression). Sometimes the mood switches are dramatic and rapid, but most often they are gradual. When in the depressed cycle, an individual can have any or all of the symptoms of a depressive disorder. When in the manic cycle, the individual may be overactive, over talkative and have a great deal of energy. Mania often affects thinking, judgment and social behavior in ways that cause serious problems and embarrassment. For example, the individual in a manic phase may feel elated, full of grand schemes that might range from unwise business decisions to romantic sprees. Mania, left untreated, may worsen to a psychotic state.

When you're depressed...

• You feel sad or cry a lot and the sad feeling doesn't go away.
• You feel guilty for no reason; you feel like you're no good; you've lost your confidence.
• Life seems meaningless or like nothing good is ever going to happen again. You have a negative attitude a lot of the time, or it seems like you have no feelings.
• You don't feel like doing a lot of the things you used to enjoy — such as music, sports, being with friends, going out — and you want to be left alone most of the time.
• It's hard to make up your mind. You forget lots of things, and it's hard to concentrate.
• You get irritated often. Little things make you lose your temper; you over-react.
• Your sleep pattern changes; you start sleeping a lot more or you have trouble falling asleep at night. Or you wake up really early most mornings and can't get back to sleep.
• Your eating pattern changes; you've lost your appetite or you eat a lot more.
• You feel restless and tired most of the time.
• You think about death, or feel like you're dying, or have thoughts about committing suicide.

When you're manic...

• You feel high as a kite, like you're "on top of the world."
• You get unreal ideas about the great things you can do, things that you really can't do.
• Thoughts go racing through your head, you jump from one subject to another, and you talk a lot.
• You're a non-stop “party,” constantly running around.
• You do too many wild or risky things: with driving, with spending money, with sex, etc.
• You're so "up" that you don't need much sleep.
• You're rebellious or irritable and can't get along at home or school, or with your friends.

Not everyone who is depressed or manic experiences every symptom. Some people experience a few symptoms, some many. Severity of symptoms varies with individuals and also varies over time.

If you are concerned about depression in yourself or a friend, talk to someone about it.

Source: National Institute of Mental Health

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